Apparently mkfs.btrfs detects whether a drive is an SSD by reading /sys/block/sdX/queue/rotational, so that it can determine whether to turn off metadata duplication. However, it seems that the detection fails if mkfs.btrfs is run on a partitionless drive. See the difference between the two attached test cases. As you can see, the inconsistency only occurs with mkfs.btrfs. The "ssd" mount option will be used automatically for both cases.
Created attachment 184981 [details] Test case on a partitionless drive
Created attachment 184991 [details] Test case on a partition
Oh right, that's a bug. Mounting will turn on the ssd optimizations, but the problem with mkfs affects the filesystem structures (DUP vs single)
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/utils/util-linux/util-linux.git/commit/?id=4419ffb9eff5801fdbd385a4a6199b3877f802ad